Democracy as a Form of Government | Meaning, Types & Feature
Learn democracy as a form of government with clear explanation of meaning, types, features, merits and demerits. Ideal for students and exams.
Insight • Perspective • Architecture
Introduction
Democracy is one of the most important and widely accepted forms of government in the modern world. The word democracy comes from two Greek words: “demos” meaning people and “kratos” meaning rule. Thus, democracy literally means rule by the people.
In a democratic system, the ultimate power lies with the citizens, who either govern directly or through elected representatives. Countries such as India, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France follow democratic forms of government.
Meaning of Democracy
Democracy is a form of government in which:
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People are the source of all political power
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Government is formed by free and fair elections
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Citizens enjoy fundamental rights and freedoms
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Rule of law and equality before law are maintained
Democracy ensures that the government works for the welfare of the people.
Origin and Development of Democracy
The idea of democracy originated in ancient Greece, especially in the city-state of Athens, where citizens directly participated in decision-making.
Over time, democracy evolved:
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From direct democracy to representative democracy
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From limited participation to universal adult franchise
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From weak institutions to constitutional democracies
Modern democracy is based on written constitutions, independent judiciary, and protection of rights.
Types of Democracy
1. Direct Democracy
In direct democracy, citizens directly participate in law-making and decision-making.
Features
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People vote directly on laws and policies
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Suitable for small populations
Example
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Switzerland (referendums)
2. Indirect or Representative Democracy
In representative democracy, people elect their representatives who govern on their behalf.
Features
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Regular elections
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Rule by elected representatives
Example
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India, USA, UK
3. Liberal Democracy
A liberal democracy emphasizes:
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Individual freedoms
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Rule of law
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Independent judiciary
4. Social Democracy
A social democracy focuses on:
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Social justice
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Economic equality
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Welfare state policies
Main Features of Democracy
1. Popular Sovereignty
The ultimate authority rests with the people, who elect the government.
2. Free and Fair Elections
Elections are conducted:
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Regularly
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Transparently
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Without fear or coercion
3. Rule of Law
No one is above the law, including rulers and officials.
4. Fundamental Rights
Citizens enjoy rights such as:
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Freedom of speech
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Freedom of religion
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Right to equality
5. Equality
All citizens are equal before the law, regardless of caste, religion, or gender.
6. Independent Judiciary
Courts protect the Constitution and citizens’ rights.
Merits (Advantages) of Democracy
1. Accountable Government
Elected representatives are answerable to the people.
2. Protection of Rights
Democracy ensures civil liberties and human rights.
3. Political Participation
Citizens actively participate in governance through voting and public debate.
4. Peaceful Change of Government
Governments change peacefully through elections.
5. Promotes Equality and Justice
Democracy supports social and political equality.
Demerits (Disadvantages) of Democracy
1. Slow Decision-Making
Democratic processes may delay decisions.
2. Political Instability
Coalition politics can lead to unstable governments.
3. Influence of Money and Media
Elections may be influenced by money power and propaganda.
4. Lack of Informed Citizens
Democracy requires educated and aware citizens.
5. Populism
Leaders may take popular but harmful decisions to win votes.
Democracy in India
India is the world’s largest democracy.
Key features:
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Universal adult franchise
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Written Constitution
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Fundamental Rights
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Parliamentary system
Democracy in India reflects unity in diversity.
Democracy vs Other Forms of Government
| Democracy | Dictatorship |
|---|---|
| Power with people | Power with one ruler |
| Free elections | No elections |
| Rights protected | Rights restricted |
| Rule of law | Arbitrary rule |
Importance of Democracy
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Ensures dignity of individuals
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Encourages participation
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Protects freedoms
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Promotes social justice
Conclusion
Democracy is not just a form of government but a way of life. It is based on values like freedom, equality, justice, and participation. Although democracy has certain weaknesses, it remains the best form of government when supported by informed citizens, strong institutions, and the rule of law.
As Abraham Lincoln said,
“Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, and for the people.”